Push and pull factors are associated with which component of the population?

Migration

The correct answer is Option (1) - Migration

Push and pull factors are factors that influence migration patterns. "Push" factors are circumstances or conditions in a person's current location that encourage or force them to leave, such as lack of job opportunities, political instability, or environmental disasters. "Pull" factors, on the other hand, are conditions or opportunities in a different location that attract migrants, such as better job prospects, higher living standards, or political stability. Together, these factors influence people's decisions to migrate from one place to another.