Which of the following is a major cause of water and soil pollution?

All of these 

The correct answer is option 4. All of these.

All of these are major causes of water and soil pollution. Therefore, the correct option is All of these.

1. Agro Industry:

Agricultural activities, including the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, can contribute to water and soil pollution. Runoff from agricultural fields can carry pollutants into water bodies, impacting water quality.

2. Mining:

Mining activities, especially those involving the extraction of minerals and metals, can release various pollutants into water and soil. This includes chemicals and heavy metals that may contaminate nearby water sources and soil.

3. Thermal Power Stations:

Thermal power stations often generate electricity by burning fossil fuels, which can release pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ). These pollutants can lead to acid rain and contribute to soil and water pollution.

All three of these activities have the potential to introduce pollutants into the environment, affecting water quality and soil health. Pollution from these sources can have detrimental effects on ecosystems, aquatic life, and human health. It emphasizes the importance of implementing environmentally sustainable practices and regulations to minimize the impact of industrial activities on the environment.