In the early years of independent India, the nation encountered three significant challenges. Firstly, there was the immediate task of forging a united nation while embracing its rich diversity. With a vast landmass and a populace speaking various languages and practicing diverse cultures and religions, doubts were cast on the ability of such a diverse country to stay united. Secondly, the establishment of a democratic system was crucial. The Indian Constitution, which you have already studied, granted fundamental rights to all citizens and introduced universal suffrage. India adopted a parliamentary form of government, ensuring that political competition took place within a democratic framework. Lastly, there was the imperative to foster the development and well-being of the entire society, not just specific sections. The Constitution emphasized equality and provided special protections for socially disadvantaged groups, as well as religious and cultural communities. Additionally, the Directive Principles of State Policy outlined the welfare objectives that democratic politics needed to achieve. The challenge now lay in formulating effective policies for economic growth and poverty eradication.

British India was divided into which two entities?

British Indian Provinces and the Princely States.

British India was divided into two entities: The British Indian Provinces (Punjab, United Province, Assam, etc.) and the Princely States (Hyderabad, Kashmir, Bhopal, etc.).
The British Indian Provinces were directly governed by the British government.
The Princely States were territories ruled by princes and enjoyed a degree of control over their internal affairs.
The Princely States accepted the British crown's paramountcy or suzerainty, recognizing British supremacy.
The Princely States constituted approximately one-third of the land area of British India.
About one out of four Indians lived under the rule of the Princely States.