Who developed the concept of Capital beyond the realm of Economics?

Pierre Bourdieu

The correct answer is Option 1: Pierre Bourdieu.

While Karl Marx primarily analysed capital in economic terms, Pierre Bourdieu broadened the concept by showing that advantages in society also arise from cultural capital (knowledge, education, language and skills) and social capital (social networks and relationships). This wider understanding explains why social inequality persists even when economic resources alone do not account for differences in opportunities.