In pre-independent India, Dadabhai Naoroji was the first to discuss the concept of a ______.

poverty line

The correct answer is Option (3) - poverty line

Dadabhai Naoroji, a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement and an early leader of the Indian National Congress, is often regarded as one of the pioneers in discussing the concept of a "poverty line" in the context of India's socio-economic conditions during the colonial period.

Naoroji's work, particularly in his book "Poverty and Un-British Rule in India," published in 1901, focused on highlighting the adverse effects of British colonial policies on India's economy and society. In this book, Naoroji extensively analyzed the economic exploitation of India by the British and its impact on poverty and deprivation among the Indian population.

Naoroji's discussions on the poverty line revolved around the idea of determining the minimum income level required for a person or a family to meet their basic needs and avoid falling into poverty. He emphasized that a significant portion of India's population was living in abject poverty due to colonial exploitation and unfair economic policies, and he called for measures to alleviate poverty and improve the living standards of the Indian people.

While the term "poverty line" gained more formal recognition and usage in later years, Dadabhai Naoroji's early discussions and advocacy laid the foundation for understanding and addressing poverty as a pressing issue in India's socio-economic development. His insights contributed to shaping subsequent debates and policies aimed at poverty alleviation in India.