Which of the following reason was responsible for the increase in organized craft production in North India in the 12th-13th century?

Both options 1 and 2

The correct answer is Option 3 - Both options 1 and 2

Option 1- The emergence of new urban centres.
Option 2- Long-distance trade with Central Asia and West Asia.
Option 3- Both options 1 and 2 (ANSWER)
Option 4- Neither 1 nor 2

During the same period, in north India deities such as Vishnu and Shiva were worshipped in temples, often built with the support of rulers. However, historians have not found evidence of anything resembling the compositions of the Alvars and Nayanars till the fourteenth century. How do we account for this difference? Some historians point out that in north India this was the period when several Rajput states emerged. In most of these states Brahmanas occupied positions of importance, performing a range of secular and ritual functions. There seems to have been little or no attempt to challenge their position directly. At the same time other religious leaders, who did not function within the orthodox Brahmanical framework, were gaining ground. These included the Naths, Jogis and Siddhas. Many of them came from artisanal groups, including weavers, who were becoming increasingly important with the development of organised craft production. Demand for such production grew with the emergence of new urban centres, and long-distance trade with Central Asia and West Asia.