Read the following passage and answer the next five questions:

In nature populations of different species in a habitat do not live in isolation but interact in many ways. Depending on the outcome, these interactions between two species are classified as competition (both species suffer), predation and parasitism (one benefits and the other suffers), commensalism (one benefits and the other is unaffected), amensalism (one is harmed, other unaffected) and mutualism (both species benefit). Predation is a very important process through which trophic energy transfer is facilitated and some predators help in controlling their prey populations. Plants have evolved diverse morphological and chemical defenses against herbivory.

Match List-I with List-II:

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III)

The correct answer is Option (4) → (A)-(IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III)

A. Competition is best defined as a process in which the fitness of one species (measured in terms of its ‘r’ the intrinsic rate of increase) is significantly lower in the presence of another species. The Abingdon tortoise in Galapagos Islands became extinct within a decade after goats were introduced on the island, apparently due to the greater browsing efficiency of the goats.

B. Parasitism : Parasites that feed on the external surface of the host organism are called ectoparasites. The most familiar examples of this group are the lice on humans and ticks on dogs. Many marine fish are infested with ectoparasitic copepods.

C. Commensalism refers to an interaction between species where one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.  Example of commensalism is observed in the relationship between cattle egrets and grazing cattle. In farmed rural areas, these birds can often be seen foraging near grazing cattle. The egrets take advantage of the insects stirred up and flushed out by the cattle as they move, making it easier for the birds to find and capture their prey.

D. Mutualism is the interaction confers benefits on both the interacting species. Example: In many species of fig trees, there is a tight one-to-one relationship with the pollinator species of wasp. It means that a given fig species can be pollinated only by its ‘partner’ wasp species and no other species.