Quwwat al-Islam mosque and minaret, built during the last decade of the ___________ century.

twelth

The correct answer is Option (4) - twelth

The Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque and its associated minaret, known as the Qutub Minar, are located in Delhi, India, and were constructed during the last decade of the 12^th century.

1. Construction Period: The construction of the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque commenced in the late 12^th century, around 1192 AD. This period coincides with the rule of Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the first Sultan of Delhi and the founder of the Delhi Sultanate. Aibak initiated the construction of this mosque after the defeat of the last Hindu ruler in Delhi.
2. Architectural Significance: The Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque is one of the earliest and finest examples of Indo-Islamic architecture in India. It reflects a blend of Islamic architectural elements with indigenous Indian styles. The mosque complex includes a series of pillared prayer halls, courtyards, and the imposing Qutub Minar, which is the tallest brick minaret in the world.
3. Purpose and Patronage: The construction of the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque and the Qutub Minar aimed to establish a significant Islamic religious and cultural center in Delhi. It served as a symbol of Muslim dominance and power in the region during the early years of the Delhi Sultanate. The patronage for this grand architectural project came from Qutb-ud-din Aibak and subsequent rulers of the Delhi Sultanate.
4. Historical Context: The construction of the mosque also signifies the beginning of Islamic rule in northern India. It marks the establishment of Delhi as the capital of the Sultanate and the introduction of Islamic architecture and culture in the region. The subsequent expansion and embellishment of the mosque complex by later rulers further enhanced its architectural and historical significance.