Read the passage given below and answer the following question.
Just like caste in India, race in South Africa stratifies society into a hierarchy. About one South African in seven is of European ancestry, yet South Africa’s White minority holds the dominant share of power and wealth. Dutch traders settled in South Africa in the mid-seventeenth century; early in the nineteenth century, their descendants were pushed inland by British colonization. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the British gained control of what became the Union and then the Republic of South Africa. To ensure their political control, the White European minority developed the policy of apartheid, or separation of the races. An informal practice for many years, apartheid became law in 1948 and was used to deny the Black majority South African citizenship, ownership of land, and a formal voice in government. Every individual was classified by race and mixed marriages were prohibited. As a racial caste, Blacks held low paying jobs; on average, they earned only one-fourth what whites did. In the latter half of the twentieth century, millions of Blacks were forcibly relocated to ‘Bantustans’ or ‘homelands’ – dirt-poor districts with no infrastructure or industry or jobs. All the homelands together constituted only 14 per cent of South Africa’s land, while Blacks made up close to 80 per cent of the country’s population. The resulting starvation and suffering was intense and widespread. In short, in a land with extensive natural resources, including diamonds and precious minerals, the majority of people lived in abject poverty.

Which of the following features are common to both Caste System and Apartheid ?

All of these

All of the features (social exclusion, social inequality, and social stratification) are common to both the caste system in India and apartheid in South Africa.

Here's why:

• Social Exclusion: Both systems rigidly separated communities based on their assigned social categories, denying them equal access to resources, opportunities, and participation in societal and political life.
• Social Inequality: Both systems resulted in immense economic and social disparities between the dominant groups and the excluded communities. The lower castes/black South Africans faced systemic discrimination in education, employment, healthcare, and other crucial aspects of life.
• Social Stratification: Both systems created rigid hierarchies, with specific social categories occupying fixed positions at the top and bottom, and limited or no possibilities for upward mobility. This stratification perpetuated the power imbalances and entrenched the privileges of the dominant groups.

While the specific criteria for categorization and the historical contexts might differ, the core principles of these systems share undeniable similarities in promoting exclusion, inequality, and stratification.

Therefore, option 4, All of these, accurately captures the shared features of the caste system and apartheid.