Which of the following is not part of cultural change?

The correct answer is Option (1) → Industrialisation

Option (1) Industrialisation — Not a process of cultural change (Correct). Industrialisation is a structural change: factories replaced fields as places of work, and cities replaced villages as places to live, so the living and working arrangements of people changed. Changes in culture, ways of life, norms and values followed, but industrialisation itself is a change in the structure of society.

Option (2) Sanskritisation — A process of cultural change (Incorrect). It is one of the four processes of cultural change, the only one that pre-dates colonial rule: a group seeks to raise its status by adopting the names and customs of culturally high-placed groups.

Option (3) Secularisation — A process of cultural change (Incorrect). It is one of the four processes, which the people of India took up as a response to the changes that colonialism brought; religion loses its hold over more and more areas of life.

Option (4) Modernisation — A process of cultural change (Incorrect). It is also one of the four processes: local ties give way to universal commitments, and science and reason take precedence over custom.