Louis Wirth in his 1938 essay described what process as 'a way of life"?

Urbanization

The correct answer is Option 2: Urbanization

NCERT text: "It will be obvious to you that colonialism is not just a topic in history but something which lives on in complex ways in our lives even today. It is also evident from the above account that industrialisation and urbanisation imply changes not just in production systems, technological innovations, density of settlements but also ‘a way of life’ (Wirth, 1938)."