In biological systems, RNA molecules direct the synthesis of specific proteins which are characteristics of each kind of organism. This process is known as:

Translation

The correct answer is option 4. translation.

Translation is the process by which RNA molecules direct the synthesis of specific proteins. The RNA molecules, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carry the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where the proteins are synthesized. The ribosomes read the mRNA codons and translate them into amino acids, which are then linked together to form proteins.

Mutation is a change in the genetic information of a cell. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as exposure to radiation or chemicals. Mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral.

Replication is the process by which DNA is copied. This process is essential for cell division, as it ensures that each daughter cell receives a copy of the parent cell's DNA.

Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA. This process is essential for gene expression, as it allows the genetic information in DNA to be used to synthesize proteins.