Which of the following means that the target has liking and regard for the source. S/he puts herself/himself in the place of the target, and tries to feel like her/him?

Identification

The correct answer is Option 2: Identification

Identification means that the target has liking, admiration, or regard for the source and begins to associate with or imitate the source. The person puts themselves in the place of the source and tries to feel, think, or behave like them.

Why the other options are incorrect:

Option 1: Valence- Valence refers to whether an attitude or feeling is positive or negative. It does not involve identifying with another person.

Option 3: Mode- Mode refers to the manner or method of communication and is not related to developing liking or placing oneself in another person's position.

Option 4: Emotional appeal- Emotional appeal means influencing people through emotions such as fear, sympathy, happiness, or excitement. It does not specifically involve identifying with a person.

NCERT: "The two-step concept was proposed by S.M. Mohsin, an Indian psychologist. According to him, attitude change takes place in the form of two steps. In the first step, the target of change identifies with the source. The ‘target’ is the person whose attitude is to be changed. The ‘source’ is the person through whose influence the change is to take place. Identification means that the target has liking and regard for the source. S/he puts herself/ himself in the place of the target, and tries to feel like her/him. The source must also have a positive attitude towards the target, and the regard and attraction becomes mutual. In the second step, the source herself/himself shows an attitude change, by actually changing her/him behaviour towards the attitude object. Observing the source’s changed attitude and behaviour, the target also shows an attitude change through behaviour. This is a kind of imitation or observational learning.