What kind of forces arise from transient dipoles in atoms that induce transient dipoles in nearby atoms, produce an attractive force and are significant only over short distances (~500 pm)?

London dispersion forces

The correct answer is option 2. London dispersion forces.

The kind of forces that arise from transient dipoles in atoms, inducing transient dipoles in nearby atoms, producing an attractive force, and are significant only over short distances (~500 pm) are called London dispersion forces. Therefore, the correct option is: London dispersion forces.