Match List-I (Term or group) with List-II (Description).
| List-I | List-II |
|---|---|
| (A) Sanad | (I) Markets that zamindars often set up, where peasants sold their produce |
| (B) Haats | (II) Built clan- or lineage-based zamindaris over vast tracts of northern India |
| (C) Sadgops | (III) Imperial order that confirmed a zamindar |
| (D) Rajputs and Jats | (IV) Peasant-pastoralists who carved out zamindaris in Bengal |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 3
The correct answer is Option (3) → A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II
| List-I | List-II | Reason |
|---|---|---|
| (A) Sanad | (III) Imperial order that confirmed a zamindar | A <strong>sanad</strong> was an imperial order. The state would rarely accept a zamindar who had seized land unless such an order confirmed him. |
| (B) Haats | (I) Markets that zamindars often set up, where peasants sold their produce | Zamindars often set up <strong>haats</strong>, or markets, and peasants also came there to sell their produce. |
| (C) Sadgops | (IV) Peasant-pastoralists who carved out zamindaris in Bengal | The <strong>Sadgops</strong> were peasant-pastoralists who built powerful zamindaris in central and south-western Bengal. |
| (D) Rajputs and Jats | (II) Built clan- or lineage-based zamindaris over vast tracts of northern India | The <strong>Rajputs and Jats</strong> used clan and lineage ties to control vast areas of northern India. |
NCERT (2026-27): “5. The Zamindars … “More important were the slow processes of zamindari consolidation, which are also documented in sources. These involved colonisation of new lands, by transfer of rights, by order of the state and by purchase. These were the processes which perhaps permitted people belonging to the relatively “lower” castes to enter the rank of zamindars as zamindaris were bought and sold quite briskly in this period. A combination of factors also allowed the consolidation of clan- or lineage-based zamindaris. For example, the Rajputs and Jats adopted these strategies to consolidate their control over vast swathes of territory in northern India. Likewise, peasant-pastoralists (like the Sadgops) carved out powerful zamindaris in areas of central and south-western Bengal.” “Zamindars spearheaded the colonisation of agricultural land, and helped in settling cultivators by providing them with the means of cultivation, including cash loans. The buying and selling of zamindaris accelerated the process of monetisation in the countryside. In addition, zamindars sold the produce from their milkiyat lands. There is evidence to show that zamindars often established markets (haats) to which peasants also came to sell their produce.” |