In the situation of alienation, people do not enjoy work and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive. This theory was given by a famous sociologist/philosopher. Identify him:

Karl Marx

The correct answer is option 3: Karl Marx

Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour. People often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only one small part of a product. The work is often repetitive and exhausting. Yet, even this is better than having no work at all, i.e., being unemployed. Marx called this situation alienation, when people do not enjoy work, and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive, and even that survival depends on whether the technology has room for any human labour.