Which of the following ideal was envisaged by Gandhiji as a model of social transformation?

gram swarajya

The correct answer is Option (4) → gram swarajya

Gram Swarajya, which translates to "village self-rule," was the cornerstone of Mahatma Gandhi's vision for a free India. He believed that true independence could not be achieved merely by replacing foreign rule with Indian rule in a centralized government. Instead, he advocated for a decentralized, bottom-up model where each village would be a self-sufficient and self-governing republic.

"When the constitution was being drafted, panchayats did not find a mention in it. At this juncture, a number of members expressed their sorrow, anger and disappointment over this issue. At the same time, drawing on his own rural experience, Dr. Ambedkar argued that local elites and upper castes were so well entrenched in society that local self government only meant a continuing exploitation of the downtrodden masses of Indian society. The upper castes would no doubt silence this segment of the population further. The concept of local government was dear to Gandhiji too. He envisaged  each village as a self-sufficient unit conducting its own affairs and saw gram-swarajya to be an ideal model to be continued after independence."