Which of the following travellers did not visit the Vijayanagara Empire?

Francois Bernier

The correct answer is Option (2) → Francois Bernier

Francois Bernier visited the Mughal Empire and not Vijayanagara Empire.

François Bernier was a French traveler. He visited India during the 17th century. He provided a detailed account of the working of the imperial Karkhanas or workshops. He also described Mughal cities as "camp towns", by which he meant towns that owed their existence, and depended for their survival on the imperial camp. Bernier’s Travels in the Mughal Empire is marked by detailed observations, critical insights, and reflection. His account contains discussions trying to place the history of the Mughals within some sort of a universal framework. He constantly compared Mughal India with contemporary Europe, generally emphasizing the superiority of the latter. His representation of India works on the model of binary opposition, where India is presented as the inverse of Europe. He also ordered the perceived differences hierarchically, so that India appeared to be inferior to the Western world.

Remaining Options:

A large number of inscriptions of the kings of Vijayanagara and their nayakas recording donations to temples as well as describing important events have been recovered. Several travellers visited the city and wrote about it. Notable among their accounts are those of an Italian trader named Nicolo de Conti, an ambassador named Abdur Razzaq sent by the ruler of Persia, a merchant named Afanasii Nikitin from Russia, all of whom visited the city in the fifteenth century, and those of Duarte Barbosa, Domingo Paes and Fernao Nuniz from Portugal, who came in the sixteenth century.