Assertion (A): Expenditure on migration is a source of human capital formation.
Reason (R): Unemployment is the reason for the rural-urban migration in India.
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Both statements are true. R tells why people migrate; it does not tell why spending on migration builds human capital.
Assertion (A): Expenditure on migration is a source of human capital formation. — True. Migration costs money: transport, a higher cost of living and the strain of living in a strange place. People still migrate because the higher earnings in the new place are more than these costs.
Reason (R): Unemployment is the reason for the rural-urban migration in India. — True. People without work in villages move to towns and cities in search of jobs.
Why R does not explain A?
R gives the cause of one kind of migration. A is about why the money spent on migrating counts as an investment in people.
The real reason for A is that the enhanced earnings in the new place outweigh the costs of migration. A spending that brings back more than it costs is a source of human capital formation.
NCERT (2026-27): “4.3 Sources of Human Capital … People migrate in search of jobs that fetch them higher salaries than what they may get in their native places. Unemployment is the reason for the rural-urban migration in India. Technically qualified persons, like engineers and doctors, migrate to other countries because of higher salaries that they may get in such countries. Migration in both these cases involves cost of transport, higher cost of living in the migrated places and psychic costs of living in a strange socio-cultural setup. The enhanced earnings in the new place outweigh the costs of migration; hence, expenditure on migration is also a source of human capital formation.” |