Which of the following techniques/processes are included under biotechnology?

All of these

The correct answer is Option (4) - All of these

Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to humans. In this sense, making curd, bread or wine, which are all microbe-mediated processes, could also be thought as a form of biotechnology. Further, many other processes/techniques are also included under biotechnology. For example, in vitro fertilisation leading to a ‘test-tube’ baby, synthesising a gene and using it, developing a DNA vaccine or correcting a defective gene, are all part of biotechnology.

Here's an explanation of the techniques/processes mentioned:

(a) In vitro fertilization: In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a reproductive technology that involves the fertilization of an egg with sperm outside the body. It is commonly used to help individuals or couples with fertility issues to achieve pregnancy.

(b) Correcting a defective gene: Biotechnology allows scientists to modify or correct defective genes responsible for genetic disorders.

(c) Synthesising a gene: In biotechnology, researchers can synthesise genes artificially by assembling DNA sequences in the laboratory. This allows them to create customized DNA sequences that can be used for various purposes, such as producing specific proteins or modifying organisms.

(d) All of these: As stated earlier, all the techniques/processes mentioned - in vitro fertilisation, correcting defective genes, and synthesising genes - are included under biotechnology due to their relevance and applications in the field. Biotechnology has broad implications across various sectors, including medicine, agriculture, industry, and environmental conservation.