Who introduced the 'Doctrine of Lapse'?

Lord Dalhousie

The correct answer is Option (2) → Lord Dalhousie

The "Doctrine of Lapse" was introduced by Lord Dalhousie, who served as the Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856 during the British colonial period. This policy allowed the British East India Company to annex Indian princely states if they lacked a male heir or adopted heir recognized by the British authorities.