Match List - I with List - II.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

The correct answer is Option (4) → (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

Correct Match:

Explanation:

The Village Community in the 16th-17th Century in India:

Deep inequities on the basis of caste and other caste-like distinctions meant that the cultivators were a highly heterogeneous group. Among those who tilled the land, there was a sizeable number who worked as menials or agricultural labourers (majur) (A). Despite the abundance of cultivable land, certain caste groups were assigned menial tasks and thus relegated to poverty.

The village panchayat was an assembly of elders, usually important people of the village with hereditary rights over their property. In mixed-caste villages, the panchayat was usually a heterogeneous body. An oligarchy, the panchayat represented various castes and communities in the village, though the village menial-cum-agricultural worker was unlikely to be represented there. The decisions made by these panchayats were binding on the members.

The panchayat was headed by a headman known as muqaddam (B) or mandal. Some sources suggest that the headman was chosen through the consensus of the village elders, and that this choice had to be ratified by the zamindar. Headmen held office as long as they enjoyed the confidence of the village elders, failing which they could be dismissed by them. The chief function of the headman was to supervise the preparation of village accounts, assisted by the accountant or patwari (D) of the panchayat.

Archival records from western India – notably Rajasthan and Maharashtra – contain petitions presented to the panchayat complaining about extortionate taxation or the demand for unpaid labour (begar) (C) imposed by the “superior” castes or officials of the state. These petitions were usually made by villagers, from the lowest rungs of rural society.