Match the following concepts in List - I with their appropriate explanation in List - II :
| LIST-I (Concepts) | LIST-II (Explanation) | ||
| (A) | Scientific Management | (I) | Different people doing different works |
| (B) | Human Relation Approach | (II) | Way of increasing output by organising work |
| (C) | Division of Labour | (III) | Workers do not enjoy their work, they do the work just to survive |
| (D) | Alienation | (IV) | Importance of informality in work |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 1
The correct answer is Option (1) → (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
(A) Scientific Management — this matches (II) Way of increasing output by organising work. Another way of increasing output is by organising work: Frederick Winslow Taylor’s ‘Scientific Management’ broke all work into its smallest repetitive elements, divided them between workers and timed them with stopwatches.
(B) Human Relation Approach — this matches (IV) Importance of informality in work. The human relations approach grew as a reaction to scientific management. It holds that workers are not machines: their informal groups, relations at work and feelings shape how well they work, so management must attend to them.
(C) Division of Labour — this matches (I) Different people doing different works. Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour: each person produces only one small part of a product and often does not see its end result.
(D) Alienation — this matches (III) Workers do not enjoy their work, they do the work just to survive. Marx called this situation alienation, when people do not enjoy work and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive.
Note 1: The paragraph on Frederick Winslow Taylor’s ‘Scientific Management’ as a way of increasing output by organising work, in the chapter ‘Change and Development in Industrial Society’, was there in the pre-rationalised NCERT, which NTA followed in 2023. It has been deleted from the NCERT book (2025-26), though the chapter is still there with its lines on the division of labour and alienation.
Note 2: The concept in (B), ‘human relation approach’, is not in the pre-rationalised NCERT, nor in NCERT (2025-26); explained here for the benefit of the students.
NCERT (2025-26): “…Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour. People often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only one small part of a product. The work is often repetitive and exhausting. Yet, even this is better than having no work at all, i.e., being unemployed. Marx called this situation alienation, when people do not enjoy work, and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive, and even that survival depends on whether the technology has room for any human labour.” NCERT (Pre-rationalised): “5.4 How is Work Carried Out? … Another way of increasing output is by organising work. An American called Frederick Winslow Taylor invented a new system in the 1890s, which he called ‘Scientific Management’. It is also known as Taylorism or industrial engineering. Under his system, all work was broken down into its smallest repetitive elements, and divided between workers. Workers were timed with the help of stopwatches and had to fulfil a certain target every day. Production was further speeded up by the introduction of the assembly line. Each worker sat along a conveyor belt and assembled only one part of the final product. The speed of work could be set by adjusting the speed of the conveyor belt.…” |