Match definition in List - I with concept in List - II.
| LIST-I (Definition) | LIST-II (Concept) | ||
| (A) | Aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity. | (I) | Secularism |
| (B) | Based on common descent in addition to other commonalities of language or culture. | (II) | Authoritarianism |
| (C) | When state does not favour any particular religion over others. | (III) | Communalism |
| (D) | A state in which the people have no voice and those in power are not accountable to anyone. | (IV) | Ethnic group |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
(A) Aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity. — this matches (III) Communalism. In everyday language, communalism means aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity. Chauvinism sees one’s own group as the only worthy group and others as inferior, so communalism is an aggressive political ideology linked to religion.
(B) Based on common descent in addition to other commonalities of language or culture. — this matches (IV) Ethnic group. An ethnic group is held together by common descent, along with a shared language or culture.
(C) When state does not favour any particular religion over others. — this matches (I) Secularism. In its most common Indian sense, a secular person or state is one that does not favour any particular religion over others; it is the opposite of religious chauvinism, not hostility to religion.
(D) A state in which the people have no voice and those in power are not accountable to anyone. — this matches (II) Authoritarianism. An authoritarian state is the opposite of a democratic state; such states often limit or abolish civil liberties like freedom of speech and of the press.
NCERT (2025-26): “Communalism … In everyday language, the word ‘communalism’ refers to aggressive chauvinism based on religious identity. Chauvinism itself is an attitude that sees one’s own group as the only legitimate or worthy group, with other groups being seen – by definition – as inferior, illegitimate and opposed. Thus, to simplify further, communalism is an aggressive political ideology linked to religion.…” “…The most common use of secular in everyday language is as the opposite of communal. So, a secular person or state is one that does not favour any particular religion over others. Secularism in this sense is the opposite of religious chauvinism and it need not necessarily imply hostility to religion as such.…” “…An authoritarian state is the opposite of a democratic state. It is a state in which the people have no voice and those in power are not accountable to anyone.…” “…How, then, can we distinguish a nation from other kinds of communities, such as an ethnic group (based on common descent in addition to other commonalities of language or culture), a religious community, or a regionally-defined community?…” |