There is a shift in the consumption pattern of people, especially due…

The correct answer is Option (2) → Industrial goods consumption to cultural consumption

Note: The given answer is as per the official NTA Answer Key. However, Option (1) can also be considered correct, as explained below.

Option (1) Saving to spending — Can also be considered correct. The same passage says that advertisements and the media promote a culture where spending is important, and that to be careful with money is no longer a virtue. This is a real shift brought by globalisation, so this option can also be argued. But the question asks for the shift in the consumption pattern, that is, in what people consume, and the shift the chapter names is the one from manufactured goods to culture, so Option (2) is the most appropriate answer.

Option (2) Industrial goods consumption to cultural consumption — Correct as per NTA. Till the 1970s the manufacturing industries used to play a major role in the growth of cities. Now cultural consumption (of art, food, fashion, music, tourism) shapes to a large extent the growth of cities, as the spurt of shopping malls, multiplexes and amusement parks shows. Successes in fashion pageants like Miss Universe and Miss World have led to a tremendous growth in the fashion, cosmetics and health industries.

Option (3) Consumption to production — Incorrect. This runs the wrong way. Globalisation has made consumption, not production, the force that shapes city life, with shopping actively encouraged as a pastime.

Option (4) Traditional to modern consumption — Incorrect. The phrase is too loose to name the shift. The change described is a specific one: from manufactured goods to culture – art, food, fashion, music and tourism – as what people spend on.