Match the items in Column I with those in Column II.

1-C;2-A;3-D;4-B

The correct answer is Option (2) -1-C;2-A;3-D;4-B

Ex situ conservation refers to conservation efforts that focus on protecting species or ecosystems outside their natural habitats, often in specialized facilities like botanical gardens, zoos, seed banks, or captive breeding centers. In these facilities, endangered or threatened species are taken out of their natural environment and provided with a controlled and protected setting where they can be bred, cared for, and preserved. Cryopreservation of seeds, embryos, or genetic materials,in-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) are common strategies used to safeguard genetic diversity for future use.

'Biodiversity hotspots' are regions characterized by exceptionally high levels of species richness and a high degree of endemism, meaning that many species found in these areas are unique and not found anywhere else in the world. Biodiversity hotspots – Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma, and the Himalayas – are located in regions of India with exceptionally rich biodiversity.

Alien species invasions: When alien species are introduced unintentionally or deliberately for whatever purpose, some of them turn invasive, and cause decline or extinction of indigenous species. The Nile perch introduced into Lake Victoria in east Africa led eventually to the extinction of an ecologically unique assemblage of more than 200 species of cichlid fish in the lake.

In situ conservation strategies involve the protection and conservation of species and ecosystems within their natural habitats. In-situ conservation is a set of methods aimed at preserving all living species, particularly wild and endangered ones, within their natural habitats and environments. This approach involves the protection and management of biodiversity in its original ecosystem. Examples of in-situ conservation strategies include biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries,sacred groves and other protected areas that aim to maintain the ecological integrity and diversity of the region. These designated areas serve as havens for various plant and animal species, ensuring their survival and contributing to the overall conservation of biodiversity.