Which of the following pairs of situation and concept is correctly ma…

The correct answer is Option (1) → Strong nation-states built on language in one country and on religion in another - No fixed link between nation-state and community

Option (1) Strong nation-states built on language in one country and on religion in another - No fixed link between nation-state and community — Correct. There is no historically fixed or logically necessary relationship between a nation-state and the community it is based on. So one country can build a strong nation-state on language and another on religion, and the pair is matched rightly.

Option (2) A state requiring minority groups to give up their own customs and adopt the dominant group's - Integration — Incorrect. Making minority groups give up their customs and take on the dominant group's ways is assimilation. Assimilation tries to erode the cultural differences between groups, often by outright suppression of their identities.

Option (3) A state allowing minority festivals at home but keeping public life to one national pattern - Assimilation — Incorrect. Allowing differences at home but keeping public life to one national pattern is integration. Integration removes cultural differences from the public and political arena and leaves them in the private domain.

Option (4) Existing states seeing community identities as possible bases of new nations - Encouraging cultural diversity — Incorrect. Most states have been suspicious of cultural diversity and treated community identity as a threat to state unity. Seeing these identities as possible bases of new nations feeds that suspicion, so the label of encouraging diversity does not fit.