Modern social organisation like the Brahma Samaj in Bengal and Arya Samaj in Punjab were set up. The All-India Muslim Ladies Conference (Anjuman-E-Islam) was founded in 1914. Indian reformers debated not just in public meetings but through public media like newspaper and journals. Translations of writings of social reformers from one Indian Language to another took place for instance, Vishnu Shastri published a Marathi translation of Vidyasagar's book in Indu Prakash in 1868. New ideas of liberalism and freedom, new ideas of home making and marriage, new roles for mothers and daughter new ideas of self-conscious pride in culture and tradition emerged. The value of education became very important. It was seen as very crucial for a nation to become modern but also retain its ancient heritage. The idea of Female education was debated intensely. Significantly, it was the social reformer Jyotiba Phule who opened the first school for women in Pune. Reformers argued that for a society to progress, women have to be educated. Some of them believed that in pre-modern India, women were educated. Others contested this on the grounds that this was so only of a privileged few. Thus attempts to justify female education was made by recourse to both modern and traditional ideas. They actively debated the meanings of tradition and modernity.
Which of the following processes contributed towards cultural change in modern India.
A. Public Meetings
B. News Papers and Journal
C. Vernacular Translations
D. Caste based educational institutions
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 1
The correct answer is Option (1) → A, B, C only
A. Public Meetings Correct. Indian reformers debated in public meetings, so ideas of reform reached people directly.
B. News Papers and Journal Correct. The reformers did not stop at meetings; they also debated through public media like newspapers and journals.
C. Vernacular Translations Correct. Writings of social reformers were translated from one Indian language to another; for instance, Vishnu Shastri published a Marathi translation of Vidyasagar’s book in Indu Prakash in 1868.
D. Caste based educational institutions Incorrect. The new organisations of the period were reform bodies such as the Brahmo Samaj and the Arya Samaj, and the reformers fought caste discrimination. Schools meant for one caste were no part of the processes that carried these new ideas.
NCERT (2025-26): “2.1 Social reform movements in the 19th and early 20th century … Modern social organisations like the Brahmo Samaj in Bengal and Arya Samaj in Punjab were set up. The All-India Muslim Ladies Conference (AnjumanE-Khawatn-E-Islam) was founded in 1914. Indian reformers debated not just in public meetings but through public media like newspapers and journals. Translations of writings of social reformers from one Indian language to another took place. For instance, Vishnu Shastri published a Marathi translation of Vidyasagar’s book in Indu Prakash in 1868.…” |