The condition where one species is harmed whereas the other is unaffected is called.

Amensalism

The correct answer is Option (1) → Amensalism 

In amensalism  one species is harmed whereas the other is unaffected. Predation, parasitism and commensalism share a common characteristic– the interacting species live closely together.

Parasitism is generally defined as a relationship between the two living species in which one organism is benefitted at the expense of the other. The organism that is benefitted is called the parasite, while the one that is harmed is called the host. Endoparasites are those that live inside the host body at different sites (liver, kidney, lungs, red blood cells, etc.)

Predation occurs when one organism, known as the predator, captures, kills, and consumes individuals of another species, known as the prey. This interaction is common in nature and plays a crucial role in regulating population sizes and maintaining ecological balance. Predators have adaptations that allow them to effectively capture and consume their prey, such as sharp teeth, claws, or specialized hunting strategies. Prey species, on the other hand, have their own adaptations to avoid being caught, such as camouflage, speed, or defensive mechanisms. Predation is an important ecological process that influences the dynamics of both predator and prey populations.

Competition is best defined as a process in which the fitness of one species (measured in terms of its ‘r’ the intrinsic rate of increase) is significantly lower in the presence of another species. It is relatively easy to demonstrate in laboratory experiments, as Gause and other experimental ecologists did, when resources are limited the competitively superior species will eventually eliminate the other species, but evidence for such competitive exclusion occurring in nature is not always conclusive.  Connell’s elegant field experiments showed that on the rocky sea coasts of Scotland, the larger and competitively superior barnacle Balanus dominates the intertidal area, and excludes the smaller barnacle Chathamalus from that zone.