Given below are two statements:
Assertion (A): Planning is a continuous process.
Reason (R): Planning is required at all levels of management as well as in all departments of the organisation.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
Assertion (A): Planning is a continuous process. — True. One plan is framed and implemented, and another plan follows.
Reason (R): Planning is required at all levels of management as well as in all departments of the organisation. — True. This is the feature planning is pervasive.
Why R does not explain A?
R tells us where planning is done. A tells us that planning goes on over time. Planning at many levels does not create the need for a new plan, so R does not cause A.
The correct reason for A is that plans are made for a specific period. When it ends, a new plan is needed for new requirements and future conditions.
NCERT (2026-27 Edition): “(iii) Planning is pervasive: Planning is required at all levels of management as well as in all departments of the organisation. It is not an exclusive function of top management nor of any particular department. But the scope of planning differs at different levels and among different departments. For example, the top management undertakes planning for the organisation as a whole. Middle management does the departmental planning. At the lowest level, day-to-day operational planning is done by supervisors.” “(iv) Planning is continuous: Plans are prepared for a specific period of time, may be for a month, a quarter, or a year. At the end of that period there is need for a new plan to be drawn on the basis of new requirements and future conditions. Hence, planning is a continuous process. Continuity of planning is related with the planning cycle. It means that a plan is framed, it is implemented, and is followed by another plan, and so on.” |