The ‘four Ds’ of abnormality are:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 1
The correct answer is Option (1) → Deviance, Dysfunction, Distress, Danger
Most definitions of abnormality share four features, the ‘four Ds’. Psychological disorders are deviant (different, extreme, unusual), distressing (unpleasant and upsetting to the person and to others), dysfunctional (interfering with daily activities) and possibly dangerous (to the person or to others).
Options (2), (3) and (4) each replace one of the four with a word that is not on the list — ‘Disruption’ or ‘Disturbance’ — so they are incorrect.
NCERT (2025-26): “Concepts of Abnormality and Psychological Disorders … Although many definitions of abnormality have been used over the years, none has won universal acceptance. Still, most definitions have certain common features, often called the ‘four Ds’: deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger. That is, psychological disorders are deviant (different, extreme, unusual, even bizarre), distressing (unpleasant and upsetting to the person and to others), dysfunctional (interfering with the person’s ability to carry out daily activities in a constructive way), and possibly dangerous (to the person or to others).…” |