Which among the following is correct about the cause of transmission of hepatitis-B ?

All of these

The correct answer is Option (4) - All of these

Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus can be transmitted through various means:

1. Sexual Contact: Hepatitis B can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person. It is considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI) due to its potential spread through sexual contact.

2. Sharing of Injection Needles: Sharing of needles contaminated with the virus, such as those used for injecting drugs, tattoos, or medical procedures, can lead to the transmission of HBV. This is a common mode of transmission among drug users who share needles.

3. Transfusion of Blood: HBV can be transmitted through the transfusion of infected blood or blood products. However, stringent screening measures for blood donations have significantly reduced the risk of transmission through blood transfusions.

These modes of transmission highlight the importance of practicing safe sex, avoiding sharing needles or other personal items that may be contaminated with blood, and ensuring proper screening and sterilization of medical equipment to prevent the spread of hepatitis B.