Which of the following was NOT an indicator of Industrial backwardness at the eve of independence?

Industrialization

The correct answer is Option 3: Industrialization

Indicators of industrial backwardness at the eve of independence included:

• Decay of indigenous handicraft industry: Traditional industries faced decline due to competition with British manufactured goods and policies that favored British imports.
• Slow progress of modern industry: Industrial development was limited, and modern industries did not expand significantly during the colonial period.
• De-industrialization: he British deliberately pursued a policy of de-industrialization, discouraging the development of Indian industries and forcing India to rely on British manufactured goods.