The correct answer is option 3: A, B, D only
C. Land reform, MSP (Minimum Support Price) – Incorrect: These are primarily agrarian/economic policy issues, not central to ecological movements.
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A. Big dams, industrial pollution, MFP (Minor Forest Produce) – Correct. These are major concerns; movements opposed large dams due to displacement and environmental damage, protested industrial pollution, and demanded rights over MFP for forest dwellers.
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B. Deforestation, subsistence livelihood – Correct: These were central themes, especially in forest-based movements like Chipko, which protected forests to sustain the livelihoods of local people.
- D. Soil depletion, flooding, access to forest produce – Correct: Ecological movements often addressed environmental degradation like soil depletion and flooding due to deforestation and dam construction, as well as ensuring access to forest produce for local communities.
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