_________ can be understood as the rule by one country over another.

Colonialism

The correct answer is: Colonialism

Colonialism is defined as the practice by which a nation imposes its direct political, economic, and social control over other people or territories. This control typically involves establishing settlements and exploiting resources for the benefit of the colonizing power. While other terms in the options also deal with power structures and systems, they don't directly address the rule of one country over another:

Capitalism: An economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.