Arrange the events in order of land transport development : (a) Animals were used as beasts of burden. (b) Invention of wheel, use of carts and wagons. (c) Railway line development and transport. (d) Human beings as carriers. Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

(d), (a), (b), (c) (a), (d), (b), (c) (d), (b), (a), (c) (a), (d), (c), (b)

(d), (a), (b), (c)

Most of the movement of goods and services takes place over land. In early days, humans themselves were carriers {(a palanquin (palki/doli) carried by four persons (Kahars in north India)}. Later animals were used as beasts of burden. Have you seen mules, horses and camels, carrying loads of cargo in rural areas? With the invention of the wheel, the use of carts and wagons became important. The revolution in transport came about only after the invention of the steam engine in the eighteenth century. Perhaps the first public railway line was opened in 1825 between Stockton and Darlington in northern England and then onwards, railways became the most popular and fastest form of transport in the nineteenth century. It opened up continental interiors for commercial grain farming, mining and manufacturing in U.S.A. The invention of the internal combustion engine revolutionised road transport in terms of road quality and vehicles (motor cars and trucks) plying over them. Among the newer developments in land transportation are pipelines, ropeways and cableways. Liquids like mineral oil, water, sludge and sewers are transported by pipelines. The great freight carriers are the railways, ocean vessels, barges, boats and motor trucks and pipelines.