Two statements are given, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R):
Assertion (A): Majority of people in the west live in towns and cities, where most jobs are to be found and new job opportunities are created.
Reason (R): Urbanisation and industrialisation are closely related.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation for (A)

The correct answer is Option 2: Both (A) and (R) are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

Assertion (A): Majority of people in the west live in towns and cities, where most jobs are to be found and new job opportunities are created. — Correct. Western societies have a high level of urbanisation, with a large proportion of the population living in towns and cities. These urban centres provide employment opportunities across various sectors such as services, trade, administration, technology and industries.

Reason (R): Urbanisation and industrialisation are closely related. — Correct. Industrialisation played an important role in the growth of cities by creating employment opportunities in factories and attracting workers towards urban areas.

Assertion–Reason Relationship: Reason does not correctly explain the Assertion. The Reason explains only one factor behind the development of urban centres. The Assertion is broader because cities today are centres of employment due to several activities beyond industries, including services, education, finance and administration. Therefore, the close relationship between urbanisation and industrialisation does not fully explain why the majority of people in the West live in towns and cities.

NCERT : "Industrialisation refers to the emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources like steam or electricity. In most standard western textbook of sociology, we learn that in even the most advanced of traditional civilizations, most people were engaged in working on the land. The relatively low level of technological development did not permit more than a small minority to be freed from the chores of agricultural production. By contrast, a prime feature of industrial societies today is that a large majority of the employed population work in factories, offices or shops rather than agriculture. Over 90 per cent of people in the west live in towns and cities, where most jobs are to be found and new job opportunities are created. Not surprisingly, therefore, we usually associate urbanisation with industrialisation. They often do occur together but not always so. "