The nucleus of all living cells contain macromolecular species called chromosomes made up of proteins and another type of biomolecules called nucleic acids. The chromosomes are responsible for transmission of inherent characters called heredity. Nucleic acids are mainly two types: deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and ribonucleic acids (RNA). Nucleic acids are long chain polymers of nucleotides, so they are also known as polynucleotides. A nucleotide is composed of a base, a C₅-carbohydrate and phosphate group (orthophosphate, pyrophosphate or triphosphate), which are bonded in the sequence base–carbohydrate–phosphate. The carbohydrate molecule in DNA is \(\beta\)-D-2-deoxyribose, whereas in RNA it is \(\beta\)-D-ribose. The nucleotide act as a energy carrier and a cofactor or coenzyme for a redox enzymes. The removal of phosphate moiety from a nucleotide produces nucleoside. The N-glycoside of purine or pyrimidine bases with pentose sugars are known as nucleosides. DNA contains four bases, viz. two purine bases adenine and guanine and two pyrimidine bases cystosine and thyamine. RNA also contains four bases: the same two purine bases adenine and guanine and two pyrimidine bases cystosine and uracil (in the place of thyamine). In nucleic acids the nucleotides are joined together by phosphodiester linkage between 5′ and 3′ carbon atoms of the pentose sugar. The primary structure of nucleic acid gives the information regarding the sequence of nucleotides in the chain. The secondary structure of DNA shows that two nucleotide chains running in opposite directions and giving a right handed helix in which the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds at definite distances.

In the secondary structure of RNA, helices are present which are only single-stranded. RNA molecules are three types: (i) messenger RNA (m–RNA) (ii) ribosomal RNA (r–RNA) and (iii) transfer RNA (t–RNA). These perform different functions. The tertiary structure gives the information of the orientation of the planar aromatic rings of the bases causing the DNA double helix to twist about the same axis. Due to twisting, a large number of hydrogen bonds are formed. The double helix of DNA is the store house of the hereditary information of the organism. The process of synthesis of RNA involving direct copying of one DNA molecule from another DNA molecule is known as replication. The process of synthesis of RNA in which a single strand DNA can act as a template is called transcription. The proteins are synthesized by various RNA molecules in the cell but the message for the synthesis of particular protein is present in DNA. This process is known as translation. In molecular biology, transcription is used as a synonym for RNA synthesis and translation is a synonym for protein synthesis. Translation is unidirectional but transcription can sometimes be reversed, i.e., RNA is copied into DNA and is known as reverse transcription.

The transfer of genetic information from one cell to the newly synthesised cell is done by

DNA

The correct answer is option 2. DNA.

The transfer of genetic information from one cell to the newly synthesized cell primarily occurs through DNA.

DNA carries the genetic information in all living organisms. During cell division (such as in mitosis or meiosis), DNA replicates itself, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the genetic information.

While RNA plays crucial roles in gene expression and protein synthesis, it is primarily involved in carrying out instructions encoded in DNA and facilitating protein synthesis. RNA does not typically transfer genetic information across generations or during cell division to the extent that DNA does.

DNA polymerase is an enzyme involved in DNA replication, where it catalyzes the synthesis of new DNA strands using existing DNA as a template. It facilitates the copying of genetic information from one DNA molecule to another, but it is not responsible for the transfer of genetic information from one cell to another in the context described.

Therefore, the correct answer is DNA.