Match List-I with List-II
| LIST I (Groups) | LIST II (Explanation/Example) | ||
| (A) | Tenants | (I) | Dominant land-owning caste in Karnataka. |
| (B) | Raiyatdars | (II) | Cultivators who lease their land from landowners |
| (C) | Lingayats | (III) | Custom of forced/free labour |
| (D) | Begar | (IV) | Responsible for paying agricultural taxes directly to the colonial government. |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
(A) Tenants — this matches (II) Cultivators who lease their land from landowners. They pay a substantial rent to the landowner, often 50 to 75 per cent of the income from the crop, so they earn less than owner-cultivators.
(B) Raiyatdars — this matches (IV) Responsible for paying agricultural taxes directly to the colonial government. Under the raiyatwari system of the areas under direct British rule, the ‘actual cultivators’, rather than the zamindars, were responsible for paying the tax, and the government dealt with them directly.
(C) Lingayats — this matches (I) Dominant land-owning caste in Karnataka. With the Vokkaligas, the Lingayats are the dominant landowning groups of Karnataka, the most powerful groups economically and politically in their region.
(D) Begar — this matches (III) Custom of forced/free labour. Begar, or free labour, was until recently common in many parts of northern India: members of low-ranked castes had to provide labour for a fixed number of days per year to the village zamindar or landlord.
NCERT (2025-26): “4.1 Agrarian Structure: Caste and Class in Rural India … Similarly, tenants (cultivators who lease their land from landowners) have lower incomes than owner-cultivators. Because they have to pay a substantial rent to the landowner – often as much as 50 to 75 per cent of the income from the crop.” “…Such groups were termed by the sociologist M.N. Srinivas as dominant castes. In each region, the dominant caste is the most powerful group, economically and politically, and dominates local society. Examples of dominant landowning groups are the Jats and Rajputs of U.P., the Vokkaligas and Lingayats in Karnataka, Kammas and Reddis in Andhra Pradesh, and Jat Sikhs in Punjab.…” “…Until recently, practices such as begar or free labour were prevalent in many parts of northern India. Members of low ranked caste groups had to provide labour for a fixed number of days per year to the village zamindar or landlord. Many of the working poor were tied to landowners in ‘hereditary’ labour relationships. Although such practices have been abolished legally, they continue to exist in many areas.” “…In other areas that were under direct British rule had what was called the raiyatwari system of land settlement (raiyat means cultivator in Telugu). In this system, the ‘actual cultivators’ (who were themselves often landlords and not cultivators) rather than the zamindars were responsible for paying the tax.…” |