Repetitive and exhausting work in Industrialisation gives rise to:

Alienation

The correct answer is Option (1) → Alienation

In the context of industrialization, repetitive and exhausting work can lead to a sense of alienation among workers (According to Marx). Alienation refers to a feeling of being separated or disconnected from the products of one's labor, from oneself, from others, or from the overall societal structure. This feeling arises when individuals are unable to find fulfillment or meaning in their work, often due to monotonous tasks, lack of control over the production process, or a sense of being treated as mere instruments of production rather than as valued human beingsa