Chipko Movement
Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions from
The unusually heavy monsoon of 1970 precipitated the most devastating flood in living memory. In the Alaknanda valley, water inundated 100 square kilometers of land, washed away 6 metal bridges and 10 kilometers of motor roads, 24 buses, and several other vehicles; 366 houses collapsed, and 500 acres of standing paddy crops were destroyed. The loss of human and bovine life was considerable. The 1970 floods mark a turning point in the ecological history of the region. Villagers, who bore the brunt of the damage, were beginning to perceive the hitherto tenuous links between deforestation, landslides, and floods. It was observed that some of the villages most affected by landslides, lay directly below forests where felling operations had taken place. The villagers’ cause was taken up by the Dashauli Gram Swaraja Sangh DGSS, a cooperative organization based in Chamoli district. Despite these early protests, the government went ahead with the yearly auction of forests in November. One of the plots scheduled to be assigned was the Reni forest. The contractors’ men who were traveling to Reni from Joshimath stopped the bus shortly before Reni. Skirting the village, they made for the forest. A small girl who spied the workers with their implements rushed to Gaura Devi, the head of the village Mahila Mandal Women’s Club. Gaura Devi quickly mobilised the other housewives and went to the forest. Pleading with the laborers not to start felling operations, the women initially met with abuse and threats. When the women refused to budge, the men were eventually forced to retire. In our current information age, social movements around the globe are able to join together in huge regional and international networks comprising non-governmental organisations, religious and humanitarian groups, human rights association, consumer protection advocates, environmental activists, and others who campaign in the public interest. The enormous protests against the World Trade Organization that took place in Seattle, for example, were organized in part through internet-based network.
Which of the following is a cause of crisis in Alaknanda valley?
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 4
The correct answer is Option (4) → Extensive deforestation by government
Option (1) Forest encroachment by villagers — Incorrect. The villagers were the victims, not the cause: they bore the brunt of the floods and fought to save the forests.
Option (2) Lack of development — Incorrect. The passage blames felling of forests, not a lack of development, for the floods and landslides.
Option (3) Out-migration — Incorrect. The passage does not speak of people leaving the valley.
Option (4) Extensive deforestation by government — Correct. The villages worst hit by landslides lay directly below forests where felling had taken place, and in spite of the protests the government went ahead with its yearly auction of forests. Felling on such a scale lay behind the floods of the Alaknanda valley.
NCERT: Social Change and Development in India — Chapter 8: Social Movements (2025-26)
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