Match the Column 1 with Column 2 :

1-b,2-c,3-a,4-d 

The correct answer is Option (3) – 1-b,2-c,3-a,4-d

 pBR322 is indeed one of the first artificial cloning vectors developed in 1977 by Boliver and Rodriguez. It is a plasmid derived from Escherichia coli (E. coli) and has been widely used in genetic engineering experiments.

Downstream processing is a crucial stage in biotechnological processes, especially in the production of biopharmaceuticals and other bio-based products. It involves the purification and separation of the target product from the complex mixture of biological molecules produced during the bioprocess.

Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase derived from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus. It is commonly used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to extend primers and amplify DNA segments.

Small volume cultures cannot yield appreciable quantities of products. To produce in large quantities, the development of bioreactors, where large volumes (100-1000 litres) of culture can be processed, was required. Thus, bioreactors can be thought of as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products, individual enzymes, etc., using microbial plant, animal or human cells. A bioreactor provides the optimal conditions for achieving the desired product by providing optimum growth conditions (temperature, pH, substrate, salts, vitamins, oxygen).