The correct answer is Option (4) - C and E only
Management is a process of getting things done with the aim of achieving goals effectively and efficiently. The basic characteristics of management are:
(i) Management is a goal-oriented process: An organisation has a set of basic goals which are the basic reason for its existence. These should be simple and clearly stated. Different organisations have different goals.
(ii) Management is all pervasive: The activities involved in managing an enterprise are common to all organisations whether economic, social or political.
(iii) Management is multidimensional: Management is a complex activity that has three main dimensions. These are Management of work, Management of work, Management of operations.
(iv) Management is a continuous process: The process of management is a series of continuous, composite, but separate functions (planning, organising, directing, staffing and controlling). These functions are simultaneously performed by all managers all the time.
(v) Management is a group activity: An organisation is a collection of diverse individuals with different needs. Every member of the group has a different purpose for joining the organisation but as members of the organisation they work towards fulfilling the common organisational goal. This requires team work and coordination of individual effort in a common direction.
(vi) Management is a dynamic function: Management is a dynamic function and has to adapt itself to the changing environment. An organisation interacts with its external environment which consists of various social, economic and political factors.
vii) Management is an intangible force: Management is an intangible force that cannot be seen but its presence can be felt in the way the organisation functions. The effect of management is noticeable in an organisation where targets are met according to plans, employees are happy and satisfied, and there is orderliness instead of chaos. |
