Read the passage and answer following questions.
Assertions of tribal identity are on the rise. This can be laid at the door of the emergence of a middle class within the tribal society. With the emergence of this class in particular, issues of culture, tradition, livelihood, even control over land and resources, as well as demands for a share in the benefits of the projects of modernity, have become an integral part of the articulation of identity among the tribes. There is, therefore, a new consciousness among tribes now coming from its middle classes. The middle classes themselves are a consequence of modern education and modern occupations, aided in turn by the reservation policies.
States like Manipur or Nagaland don't have the same rights as other citizens of India because their states have been declared as:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → ‘Disturbed’ areas
Option (2) ‘Disturbed’ areas — Correct. Many states of the North-East have lived for decades under special laws that limit the civil liberties of citizens. Because Manipur and Nagaland have been declared ‘disturbed areas’, their citizens do not have the same rights as other citizens of India. Armed rebellion provokes state repression, which fuels further rebellion, and this circle has taken a heavy toll on these states.
Note: The sentence saying that citizens of Manipur and Nagaland do not have the same rights because their states have been declared ‘disturbed areas’, in the section ‘Tribal Identity Today’ of the chapter ‘Social Institutions: Continuity and Change’, was there in the pre-rationalised NCERT, which NTA followed in 2023. This sentence has been deleted from the NCERT book (2025-26), though the chapter is still there and still says that many states of the North-East live under special laws that limit the civil liberties of citizens.
NCERT (2025-26): “Tribal Identity Today … Forced incorporation of tribal communities into mainstream processes has had its impact on tribal culture and society as much as its economy. Tribal identities today are formed by this interactional process rather than any primordial (orginal, ancient) characteristics peculiar to tribes. Because the interaction with the mainstream has generally been on terms unfavourable to the tribal communities, many tribal identities today are centred on ideas of resistance and opposition to the overwhelming force of the non-tribal world. The positive impact of successes – such as the achievement of statehood for Jharkhand and Chattisgarh after a long struggle – is moderated by continuing problems. Many of the states of the North-East, for example, have been living for decades under special laws that limit the civil liberties of citizens.…” NCERT (Pre-rationalised): “…Thus, citizens of states like Manipur or Nagaland don’t have the same rights as other citizens of India because their states have been declared as ‘disturbed areas’. The vicious circle of armed rebellions provoking state repression which in turn fuels further rebellions has taken a heavy toll on the economy, culture and society of the North-eastern states.…” |