Match List I with List II
| List-I | List-II | ||
| (A) | Negative reinforcement | (I) | Adding pleasant stimuli |
| (B) | Modelling | (II) | Phobia |
| (C) | Positive reinforcement | (III) | Removing unpleasant stimuli |
| (D) | Systematic desensitisation | (IV) | Vicarious learning |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 1
The correct answer is Option (1) → A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
(A) Negative reinforcement — this matches (III) Removing unpleasant stimuli. Responses that lead a person to get rid of painful stimuli, or avoid and escape from them, provide negative reinforcement; one learns to put on woollen clothes to avoid the unpleasant cold.
(B) Modelling — this matches (IV) Vicarious learning. In modelling the client learns to behave in a certain way by observing the behaviour of a role model, often the therapist; this vicarious learning, i.e. learning by observing others, is used with rewards for small changes.
(C) Positive reinforcement — this matches (I) Adding pleasant stimuli. When an adaptive behaviour occurs rarely, a pleasant consequence is given to increase it, as when a mother cooks the child’s favourite dish whenever homework is done on time.
(D) Systematic desensitisation — this matches (II) Phobia. Wolpe introduced this technique for treating phobias or irrational fears: the relaxed client imagines fear-provoking situations from the least to the most severe.
NCERT (2025-26): “Behaviour Therapy … As you have already studied in Class XI, responses that lead organisms to get rid of painful stimuli or avoid and escape from them provide negative reinforcement.…” “Behaviour Therapy … Modelling is the procedure wherein the client learns to behave in a certain way by observing the behaviour of a role model or the therapist who initially acts as the role model. Vicarious learning, i.e. learning by observing others, is used and through a process of rewarding small changes in the behaviour, the client gradually learns to acquire the behaviour of the model.…” “Behaviour Therapy … If an adaptive behaviour occurs rarely, positive reinforcement is given to increase the deficit. For example, if a child does not do homework regularly, positive reinforcement may be used by the child’s mother by preparing the child’s favourite dish whenever s/he does homework at the appointed time.…” “Behaviour Therapy … Systematic desensitisation is a technique introduced by Wolpe for treating phobias or irrational fears.…” |