Match the concepts given in List - I with their theorists in List - II.
| LIST-I (Concepts) | LIST-II (Theorist) | ||
| (A) | Scientific Management | (I) | Clark Kerr |
| (B) | Alienation | (II) | Frederick Winslow Taylor |
| (C) | Fordism | (III) | Karl Marx |
| (D) | Convergence Thesis | (IV) | Henry Ford |
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 2
The correct answer is Option (2) → (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
(A) Scientific Management — this matches (II) Frederick Winslow Taylor. Taylor, an American, invented this system in the 1890s, also known as Taylorism. All work was broken down into its smallest repetitive elements and divided between workers, who were timed with stopwatches.
(B) Alienation — this matches (III) Karl Marx. Marx called it alienation when people do not enjoy work and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive.
(C) Fordism — this matches (IV) Henry Ford. Fordism is the system made popular by the American industrialist Henry Ford: the assembly line method of mass production of a standardised product, cars, at a centralised location.
(D) Convergence Thesis — this matches (I) Clark Kerr. By the convergence thesis of the modernisation theorist Clark Kerr, an industrialised India of the 21st century shares more features with China or the United States than with 19th century India.
Note: The lines on Frederick Winslow Taylor’s ‘Scientific Management’, in the section ‘How is Work Carried Out?’ of the chapter ‘Change and Development in Industrial Society’, were there in the pre-rationalised NCERT, which NTA followed in 2023. This portion has been deleted from the NCERT book (2025-26), though the chapter and the section are still there; the book keeps ‘Taylorism’ only in its glossary.
NCERT (2025-26): “5.1 Images of Industrial Society … Industrialisation involves a detailed division of labour. People often do not see the end result of their work because they are producing only one small part of a product. The work is often repetitive and exhausting. Yet, even this is better than having no work at all, i.e., being unemployed. Marx called this situation alienation, when people do not enjoy work, and see it as something they have to do only in order to survive, and even that survival depends on whether the technology has room for any human labour.” “Activity 5.1 … According to the convergence thesis put forward by modernisation theorist Clark Kerr, an industrialised India of the 21st century shares more features with China or the United States in the 21st century than it shares with 19th century India. Do you think this is true? Do culture, language and tradition disappear with new technology or does culture influence the way people adapt to new products? Write a page of your own reflections on these issues, giving examples.” “Globalisation and a New International Division of Labour … This flexibility of labour often works in favour of the producers. Instead of mass production of goods at a centralised location (Fordism), we have moved to a system of flexible production at dispersed locations (post-Fordism).” “Glossary … Fordism: A system of production made popular by the American industrialist Henry Ford in the early part of 20th century. He popularised the assembly line method of mass production of a standardised product (cars). This era also led to payment of better wages to the workers and social welfare policies being implemented by both industrialists and the state.…” NCERT (Pre-rationalised): “5.4 How is Work Carried Out? … Another way of increasing output is by organising work. An American called Frederick Winslow Taylor invented a new system in the 1890s, which he called ‘Scientific Management’. It is also known as Taylorism or industrial engineering. Under his system, all work was broken down into its smallest repetitive elements, and divided between workers. Workers were timed with the help of stopwatches and had to fulfil a certain target every day.…” |