Forelimbs of whales & bats ; the thorns and tendrils of Bougainvillea and Cucurbita show which type of evolution and what are such structures called?

Divergent evolution, Homologous structures

The correct answer is Option (4)-Divergent evolution, Homologous structures

Homologous organs are characterized by having the same structural organization despite having different functional properties. These organs share a common ancestral origin, demonstrating anatomical similarity.

For instance, in the forelimbs of whales and bats, the humerus, ulna and radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges are present in both species. While these structures serve different functions—whale forelimbs aiding in swimming and bat forelimbs facilitating flight—the shared anatomical features suggest a common ancestry.

Similarly, thorns on Bougainvillea and tendrils on Cucurbita exemplify homologous organs. Both arise from axillary buds, indicating a common origin. However, they serve distinct functions; Bougainvillea thorns provide protection against grazing animals, while Cucurbita tendrils offer support for climbing.

 Divergent evolution leads to homologous structures/organs.