The correct answer is Option (4) – All of these.
Birth control can be achieved through various methods, and all the options listed contribute to different mechanisms of contraception:
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By preventing transport of sperm to ovum: Methods such as barrier contraceptives (e.g., condoms) and intrauterine devices (IUDs) can prevent the transport of sperm to the ovum, hindering fertilization.
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By stopping or reducing ovulation: Hormonal methods, such as birth control pills, injections, and implants, work by suppressing or reducing ovulation, preventing the release of an egg from the ovary.
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Periodic abstinence: Also known as natural family planning or fertility awareness methods, periodic abstinence involves avoiding sexual intercourse during the fertile period of the menstrual cycle to prevent conception.
So, the correct answer is "All of these." Different methods cater to various mechanisms to achieve birth control.
