Modernity assumes that individual identity is of a specific kind, which is determined by the following.
Answer & explanation
Correct answer: option 1
The correct answer is Option (1) → Choice and achievement
Option (1) Choice and achievement — Correct. Modernity assumes that identity be chosen and achieved, not ascribed and affirmed, and that the associations in which people live and work be based on choice, not birth. What job a person does is decided by what he or she wishes to do, and who one is depends on what one achieves.
NCERT (2025-26): “…[M]odernity’ assumes that local ties and parochial perspectives give way to universal commitments and cosmopolitan attitudes; that the truths of utility, calculation, and science take precedence over those of the emotions, the sacred, and the non-rational; that the individual rather than the group be the primary unit of society and politics; that the associations in which men live and work be based on choice not birth; that mastery rather than fatalism orient their attitude toward the material and human environment; that identity be chosen and achieved, not ascribed and affirmed; that work be separated from family, residence, and community in bureaucratic organisation….(Rudolph and Rudolph, 1967)” “In other words it means that people are influenced not just by local but universal contexts. How you behave, what you think is no longer decided by your family or tribe or caste or community. What job you wish to do is decided not by the job your parent does, but by what you wish to do. Work gets based on choice, not birth. On whom you are depend on what you achieve, not by who you are. A scientific attitude gains ground.” |