What were some symbols used to convey ideas about deities and their attributes in sculptures of Shaivism and Vaishnavism in ancient India?

Ornaments and ayudhas

In the context of Vaishnavism, distinctive cults evolved around the various avatars or incarnations of the deity. Within this tradition, ten avatars were acknowledged. These forms were believed to be embraced by the deity to rescue the world from turmoil and ruin caused by malevolent forces. This concept of avatars gained varying popularity across different regions of the country. Unifying the religious fabric, recognizing these localized deities as forms of Vishnu helped forge a cohesive religious tradition.

Numerous of these forms found expression in sculptural art, much like other deities. Shiva, as an illustration, was often represented by the linga, albeit human manifestations occasionally surfaced. These representations intricately conveyed a mosaic of concepts associated with the deities and their attributes, often expressed through symbols such as headgear, adornments, and ayudhas – the weapons or auspicious objects held by the deities. Their seating posture and other elements enriched the complexity of these depictions.